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Các Thành Phần Có Thể Ăn Được
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Chestnuts and Shea butter placed in small dishes on a woven burlap rug.

Các Thành Phần Có Thể Ăn Được

Bất cứ những gì bạn thoa lên da đều quan trọng. Hãy tìm hiểu những thành phần có trong sản phẩm bạn đang sử dụng và tác dụng của chúng.
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A
Acacia Catechu has antioxidant properties and preliminary research suggest it may have vasodilation properties.
Acerola has antioxidant properties due to it vitamin C content.
Ai/E10 Whey Extract provides the body with a concentrate of low molecular weight molecules (less than 100 KDa), including lactoferrin, granulocytes, cytokines, disaccharides, and memory transfer factors.
Alfalfa is one of several greens that is consumed as a way to get additional servings of vegetables and/or another source of nutrients in the diet.
Almonds are a good source of fiber, protein and monounsaturated fats.
When taken orally, aloe may help with gastrointestinal discomfort and has an antioxidant effect.
Alpha-carotene is a carotenoid, a fat-soluble class of antioxidants. It provides provitamin A activity and can be used as a source of vitamin A by the body when needed. Carotenoids are a good indicator of overall antioxidant status.
Alpha lipoic acid is an antioxidant. It may affect glutathione synthesis, insulin signaling, and other cell signaling. 
Amylase is a digestive enzyme that digests starch and glycogen into simple sugars.
Annatto is used to impart a yellow or orange color to tablet coatings to provide a more consistent appearance.
Apple Concentrate is a fruit juice concentrate that is used as part of a juice base to provide a pleasant, sweet, fruity flavor to drinks.
Some research indicates that artichoke leaf extract may help to increase bile secretion. This may provide some benefit with dyspepsia (indigestion).
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid, a fat-soluble class of antioxidants. It may have some benefit with oxidative stress and cardiovascular health. Carotenoids are a good indicator of overall antioxidant status.
B
Scutellaria bicalensis has been shown to help with inflammation regulation and also may have some antioxidant properties as well.
Lagerstroemia Speciosa has shown to control weight gain in studies with obese mice. It also may have antioxidant, bone, and other health benefits.
Barley grass is one of several greens that is consumed as a way to get additional servings of vegetables and/or another source of nutrients in the diet.
Bee pollen is thought to have some health benefits, although the science is not clear on this point. It is a source of protein and flavonones.
Component of softgel capsules. Acts as a suspending agent and thickener. It helps softgel containing liquids and powders from separating.
Beet juice powder is one of several greens that is consumed as a way to get additional servings of vegetables and/or another source of nutrients in the diet. Beet root can also be used as a natural color to make a product look pink.
Beta-carotene is a carotenoid, a fat-soluble class of antioxidants. It provides provitamin A activity and can be used as a source of vitamin A by the body when needed. Carotenoids are a good indicator of overall antioxidant status.
BHT acts as an antioxidant, preventing the oxidation of fats in foods and supplements.
Bifidobacterium Lactis Bi-07 is a multipurpose probiotic bacteria that improves digestion and enhances immune system functions.
BPL1 is a heat-treated postbiotic that supplements the beneficial compounds produced by intestinal bacteria.
Bilberry extract is rich in anthocyanins, powerful compounds with potent antioxidant effects found in dark purple plants. In addition to their antioxidant properties, some anthocyanins also support healthy inflammatory balance and immune benefits. Anthocyanins have also been studied for their usefulness in supporting a healthy microbiome for better gut health, metabolic health, and helping maintain healthy blood glucose.
Biotin helps convert food into usable energy and helps to make glucose.
Black cohosh has been studied for its possible benefit in helping with menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes.
Black currant extract is rich in anthocyanins, powerful compounds with potent antioxidant effects found in dark purple plants. In addition to their antioxidant properties, some anthocyanins also support healthy inflammatory balance and immune benefits. Anthocyanins have also been studied for their usefulness in supporting a healthy microbiome for better gut health, metabolic health, and helping maintain healthy blood glucose.
Black rice extract is rich in anthocyanins, powerful compounds with potent antioxidant effects found in dark purple plants. In addition to their antioxidant properties, some anthocyanins also support healthy inflammatory balance and immune benefits. Anthocyanins have also been studied for their usefulness in supporting a healthy microbiome for better gut health, metabolic health, and helping maintain healthy blood glucose.
Blueberry has historically been used to support eye health. It is a natural source of antioxidants, including anthocyanins, and has been studied for its potential benefits with blood sugar and supporting a healthy inflammatory response.
Borage seed oil has historically been used for its possible benefit with PMS symptoms.
Boron is a trace mineral that plays a role in bone health. It may also be involved in nutrient absorption (magnesium and phosphorus) and may help maintain healthy mental function.
Boswellia has been studied for its possible benefits with joint health. Some studies show it may have a positive effect on inflammatory responses, which could account for its effects on joint health.
Brewer's yeast is often included in supplements as a source of B vitamins, chromium, selenium, and/or other trace minerals. Brewer's yeast also contains ergosterol and amino acids.
Broccoli has been studied for its possible benefits with estrogen metabolism, cellular health, and antioxidant activity. 
Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes that have been studied for potential benefits with muscle soreness.
Some research has shown that brown seaweed can help with healthy metabolism and also has antioxidant properties.
C
Caffeine is a stimulant that has been studied for its possible benefits with mental alertness. It is thought to have this effect through stimulating the central nervous system.
Calcium is a structural component of bones and teeth. It regulates nerve transmission and muscle contraction, helps maintain healthy blood pressure, and helps maintain acid-base balance in the blood.
Calcium D-glucarate is able to bind to the enzyme beta glucuronidase, which can inhibit the elimination of toxins from the body. Pharmanex uses patented source of calcium D-glucarate.
Canola oil contains vitamin E. It is rich in Alpha Linoleic Acid, which is an essential omega 3 fatty acid. It also contains linoleic acid, an omega 6 important for brain health.
Caramel or caramel color is a colorant used in softgel capsules.
It is used in tablet coating (coating agent), It can act as a thickener and film former and stabilizes emulsions. It is also a source of fiber.
Carmine provides a red color derived from coccus cacti.
Carnauba wax is used in very small amounts as a coating for tablets.
L-carnitine plays an important role in fat metabolism and energy production. It conjugates fatty acids found in some tissues in preparation for them being transported into the mitochondria as a source of energy.
Carrots are a good source of beta-carotene which is a powerful antioxidant. Carrots are also a source of vitamin C.
Cayenne has been shown to help with increasing thermogenesis and it also helps to suppress appetite. 
Cellulase is a digestive enzyme that digests cellulose into glucose or a disaccharide.
Chamomile has been studied for its possible benefits with anxiety as well as sleep. It may have mild sedative effects. It has also been studied for its benefits with digestion.
Chasteberry has been studied for its possible benefits with some symptoms of PMS, including breast pain/tenderness, edema, constipation, irritability, depressed mood or mood alterations, anger, and headache in some women.
Chia seeds are a naturally rich source of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid specifically). They are also a source of fiber. 
Chinese lycium is a source of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. It also contains a stable precursor to vitamin C.
Chitosan has been studied for its potential benefit with weight loss and obesity. It is positively charged, so it binds to negatively charged substrates like lipids (fat). For this reason, it is thought to act as a fat blocker, decreasing absorption of dietary fat in the digestive tract.
Chlorella is one of several greens that is consumed as a way to get additional servings of vegetables and/or another source of nutrients in the diet.
Choline is a vitamin-like nutrient involved in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis.  Choline is a precursor for acetylcholine, which is an important neurotransmitter involved in muscle control, memory, and other neuronal functions.
Chromium is a trace mineral that may play a role in normal insulin function.
Cili fruit is naturally high in vitamin C. It has been studied for its possible anti-aging, immune, and antioxidant benefits.
Citric Acid is used as a flavor enhancer and pH adjuster. It is often used in tasteables to improve flavor.
Citrus bioflavonoids act as antioxidants. Some research indicates that they may have an effect on supporting healthy body weight and metabolism as well as normal cardiovascular health.
Cocoa powder is added to chocolate flavored tasteables to contribute to the chocolate flavor. It is also a source of flavonoids, which have been studied for their potential benefits with heart health and cognitive function, among other things.
Collagen can help promote skin health and support bone and joint health. Bioactive collagen peptides are elite collagen peptides featuring a unique "fingerprint" that effectively stimulates collagen and elastin production.
Collagen Hydrolysate functions as a type of gelatin and helps to give texture and firmness to products it is used in. 
Copper frees iron from storage so that it can be used to make red blood cells. It also assists antioxidant enzymes and assists in the formation and maintenance of connective tissue.
CoQ10 is found in virtually all cell membranes. In mitochondria, it helps convert carbohydrates and fat into ATP. It has antioxidant activity and can help regenerate vitamin E when it becomes oxidized.
Cordyceps has been studied for its benefits with stamina and athletic performance, energy, and longevity.
Corn flour can be used as a thickening agent for stews, soups, sauces, and other dishes. 
Corn oil is a source of fat. It improves flavor and satiety.
Corn starch is used as a thickening agent in stews and soups. It is also a source of carbohydrates.
Corn Syrup Solids are used as a sweetener.
Cranberry has been studied for its benefits with supporting urinary tract health. Current scientific understanding is that the proanthocyanidins found in cranberry interfere with bacterial adherence to the walls of the urinary tract. Cranberry is also a source of antioxidants.
Creatine is an amine that is naturally occurring in meat and seafood. It is typically stored in the skeletal muscle and is believed to be important in energy metabolism there. It has been studied for its effects on athletic performance and muscle function.
Croscarmellose helps to improve tablet disintegration and acts as a flow agent. It absorbs water.
D
Dextrates are an excipient that is used in the tableting process to aid in tablet compression, holding the tablet together, and helping make the tablet the proper size. They can also provide a mild sweetness to chewable tablets to improve flavor.
Dextrin is used in tablet coating and is used as a thickener and binding agent.
Dextrose is used in tablet coating. It helps with adhesion of the film (tablet coating) to the tablet. It is a simple sugar. 
DIM is a source of dietary indoles, which support the liver's function in healthy estrogen metabolism by increasing the production of healthy metabolites such as 2-hydroxyestrone and decreasing the production of undesirable metabolites such as 16-alphahydroxyestrone. 
D-Limonene has been shown to help with glucose utilization.
E
Epimedium is thought to have some effect on cortisol, possibly due to the naturally-occurring flavonoids. More research is needed in this area.
Evening primrose oil has been studied for its possible benefit with PMS symptoms. 
F
Fennel has been studied for its potential benefits with digestive health. One study showed that it may help stimulate the release of digestive enzymes.
High fiber intake promotes healthy bowel movement and may have an impact on cardiovascular health, serum lipid profiles, and blood glucose control.
Field horsetail is a plant source of silica, which is thought to support hair, nails, and skin.
Fish oil is a source of omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Omega-3 fatty acids are a structural component of cell membranes. They have been studied for their anti-inflammatory effects and benefits on cardiovascular health and serum lipid profiles. DHA in particular is important for brain health. It may also have some eye health benefits.
Folic Acid is required for DNA synthesis. It supports cell growth and repair and helps prevent neural tube defects.
Fructo-oligosaccharides, or FOS, act as a prebiotic in the digestive tract. Prebiotics promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestine.
Fructose is used as a sweetener to improve flavor of tasteable products. Examples include shakes or other drink mix-ins.
Fumaric acid works as an acidity regulator, to help with sourness and taste. 
G
Gac fruit contains high levels of carotenoids, including beta-carotene and lycopene. It also contains a fatty acid matrix that facilitates the absorption of these carotenoids.
Gamma-cylcodextrin is used to nano-ize coQ10 to improve absorption.
Garcinia Cambogia has shown to help with fat metabolism and may help with weight loss. It also may help to increase exercise endurance. 
Garlic has effective antioxidant properties as well as studied cardiovascular benefits. 
Gelatin is a capsule and softgel component derived from bovine (cow), porcine (pig), or piscine (fish) sources. 
Geraniol has been shown to exhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity in vitro. These results indicate that geraniol may suppress HMG-CoA reductase synthesis at a post-transcriptional level by attenuating HMG-CoA reductase mRNA translational efficiency. It has also been shown to exhibit antioxidant activity.
Ginger has been studied for its potential benefits with nausea, stomachache, and motion sickness.
Ginkgo biloba has been studied for it's potential benefits with cognitive function and circulation.
Asian ginseng has been studied for its possible benefits with cognitive function, energy, and sexual health, among other things.
Glucosamine has been studied for its potential benefit with joint health. It may have an effect on the inflammatory response in the joint. Some researchers believe it acts as a building block for cartilage.
In the body, glutathione plays a role in DNA synthesis/repair, antioxidant defense, and amino acid transport, among other things. The benefits of supplementing with glutathione are largely thought to be due to its antioxidant activity.
Glycerin acts as a humectant. It keeps softgels and tablet coatings soft and flexible instead of hard and brittle. In personal care products it also helps prevent the loss of moisture from the product and acts as a skin conditioning agent.
Grape Concentrate is a fruit juice concentrate that is used as part of a juice base to provide a pleasant, sweet, fruity flavor to drinks.
Grape seed extract is a source of antioxidants (polyphenols). It has been studied for a wide variety of health benefits.One class of polyphenols found in grape seed extract, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), have been studied for their vascular benefits in particular.
Green kiwi fruit is a natural source of prebiotic fibers, enzymes, and antioxidants that may provide benefits in supporting regularity and lower GI health. 
Green tea is a source of polyphenols, including catechins. Catechins act as powerful antioxidants.
Guar gum is used as a thickener and stabilizer. It can also act as an emulsifier. In larger quantities, it is a gentle and well-tolerated source of fiber that can help with satiety.
Gum Arabic, also called acacia gum, acts as a stabilizer, emulsifier, and thickener. It helps keep everything in suspension. It is a fiber source and also can act as a binder.
H
Hazlenuts are a good source of calcium, and potassium. They are also a good source of vitamin E, folate, and oleic acid.  
HMB is a natural metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine (a key branched-chain amino acid). HMB has been studied for its potential benefits relating to minimizing exercise-induced muscle damage and increasing muscle strength and gains. Research indicates it may do this by increasing muscle protein synthesis and decreasing muscle protein breakdown.
Hops has been studied for its potential benefits with sleep and insomnia. It may have some mild sedative-like effects.
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, also called hypromellose, is the main component of vegetable capsules. It is also used in tablet coating and acts as a film former.
I
Inositol has been shown to help with insulin sensitivity.
Iodine is a structural component of thyroid hormones. As such, it is important for regulation of body temperature, basal metabolic rate, growth, and reproduction.
Iron helps make healthy red blood cells that transport oxygen throughout the body. It is critical for normal immune function and is a structural component of hundreds of essential molecules. It also assists antioxidant enzymes.
J
K
Krill oil is a source of omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Omega-3 fatty acids are a structural component of cell membranes. They have been studied for their anti-inflammatory effects and benefits on cardiovascular health and serum lipid profiles. DHA in particular is important for brain health. Krill oil provides DHA in a phospholipid form that is more likely to reach the brain.
L
Lactase is a digestive enzyme that digests lactose, the sugar that occurs naturally in milk and other dairy products.
Lactium is a trademarked ingredient that is derived from milk. It has been studied for its possible benefits with relaxation and stress management.
Lactobacillus Acidophilus La-14 is a probiotic bacteria that supports a healthy immune response and general gut health and digestion.
PCC is a specific strain of Lactobacillus fermentum probiotic that has been studied for its resilience in the digestive tract. PCC also supports a protective immune response.Lactobacillus fermentum PCC has been shown in third party research to encourage the proliferation of healthy probiotic bacteria in the lower digestive tract, thus helping to fortify the natural digestive defense system. By actively colonizing the lower digestive tract, It may also be able to discourage the development of undesirable microorganisms.
Lactobacillus Paracasei Lpc-37 improves gut health and digestion. It also boosts the number of beneficial bacteria and supports immune health.
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG is a strain of probiotic bacteria that supports the growth of beneficial bacteria while also improving immune health. It also helps to keep the digestive system running smoothly while taking antibiotics.
Lactose is occasionally used in dietary supplements to fill extra space in capsules.
L-Arginine has been studied for its possible effects on the vascular system. It is a precursor for nitric oxide, which is a vasodilator. 
Lecithin is used an emulsifier in softgels. It is also used in tablet coatings and can act as a surfactant, detackifier, and plasticizer. 
Lemon balm has been studied for its benefits with sleep and stress.
Lemon oil provides a light lemon flavor and odor to mask unpleasant flavors and odors of other ingredients in a product.
Lentils are a source of essential nutrients.
Leucine is an essential amino acid found in proteins. It plays an important role in muscle protein synthesis and helps support lean muscle in the body.
LG-2 is a proprietary blend of probiotics that have been studied for their potential benefits in supporting a healthy immune response to the respiratory component of seasonal allergies.
Flaxseed lignans act as enzyme inducers to promote favorable metabolism of estrogen metabolites by reducing the 16-alpha/2-hydroxy estrogen metabolite ratio. Flax lignans are also classified as phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds that can bind to estrogen receptors but have a much weaker effect than estrogen. 
Lingonberries are a source of resveratrol, which acts as an antioxidant.
Lipase is a digestive enzyme that breaks down dietary fats.
L-Methionine is an essential amino acid. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet.
Locust Bean Gum is a thickener and gelling agent. Carob powder is used as an excipient in softgel capsules.
Theanine has been studied for its potential benefits with cognitive performance and stress.
Lutein is a carotenoid, a fat-soluble class of antioxidants. It's selectively taken up into the eye's macula, where it (along with zeaxanthin) absorbs up to 90% of blue light and helps maintain optimal visual function. Supplemental lutein has been studied for its possible benefit in individuals with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Lutein has also been studied for its benefits with skin radiance. Carotenoids are also a good indicator of overall antioxidant status.
Lycopene is a carotenoid, a fat-soluble class of antioxidants. It has been studied for its effects on the Nrf2 pathway. It has also been studied for potential benefit with prostate health. Carotenoids are a good indicator of overall antioxidant status.
M
Magnesium is a structural component of bones and teeth. It regulates nerve transmission and muscle contraction and assists in hundreds of essential cellular reactions.
Magnesium Stearate is a flow agent. It helps ensure equal distribution of active ingredients. It keeps the active ingredients from sticking to friction points in the machinery.
Magnolia bark and one of its constituents, honokiol, have been studied for their possible benefits with anxiety. Magnolia bark has also been studied for its possible effect on stress as well. 
Malic acid provides a sour taste to improve the flavor of tasteables.
Malted Barley Flour is a source of fiber.
Maltodextrin is a short chain starch sugar which is easily digestible, mildly sweet and can act as a flow agent by absorbing water. It can also act as a filler and a binder. 
Manganese plays an important role in many physiologic processes as a component of some enzymes and an activator of others.
Mango is a good source of vitamin C and also contains vitamin A and folate.
Mannitol is occasionally used as an excipient in dietary supplements. In tablets, it acts as a sweetener. In capsules, it can be used to fill extra space.
Maqui berry has been used historically for energy and stamina; however, more research is needed in this area. 
Medium Chain Triglycerides are used in tablet coating and can act as a plasticizer. 
Melatonin has been studied for its possible benefits with sleep. Some studies show it may influence how long it takes to fall asleep. 
Melon extract has high SOD activity, making it a good antioxidant. Some research shows that melon-derived SOD may have a positive effect on managing stress.
Milk proteins (casein and/or whey) are a dietary source of protein that provide all 9 essential amino acids. 
Milk thistle has been studied for its potential benefits in supporting liver health. It is thought to provide these liver health benefits through antioxidant activity and supporting healthy detoxification pathways in the liver.
Molasses acts as a sweetener/flavor enhancer. 
Molybdenum is part of a cofactor for several enzymes.
Mono- and Diglycerides are emulsifiers. For example, it emulsifies liquid fat into a powder for shakes. It also acts as an anti-foaming agent.
N
N-acetyl-L-cysteine is an antioxidant and is involved in glutathione synthesis. It has also been shown to boost liver glutathione levels for phase I enzyme activity and phase II glutathione conjugations.​ Cysteine is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. 
Natural flavors are used in tasteable products to enhance the flavor of the product so that it tastes palatable. They can be found in products like shakes, powdered drink mix-ins, juices, and chewable tablets.
NeOpuntia is a trademarked name for a fiber derived from prickly pear cactus leaves. It has been studied for its possible fat-binding properties, which may affect fat absorption.
Niacin helps convert food into usable energy. It also assists in DNA replication and repair.
Nonfat Dry Milk is a source of protein, carbohydrates, and fat.
O
Oat bran is a source of fiber.
Olive leaf and fruit extracts have been studied for their potential benefits as antioxidants; specifically, they have been shown to influence the Nrf2 pathway. Additionally, olive leaf extract has been studied for possible effects relating to immune health; third party research shows it may have some antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral benefits. Olive oil is a source of healthy fats.
P
Palatinose (isomaltulose) is a low glycemic carbohydrate that provides a lower glucose spike and insulin response compared to sucrose. It's considered to be a "slow-release" carbohydrate that provides a balanced release of energy.
Pantothenic Acid helps convert food into usable energy, helps make and break down fats, and helps make cholesterol, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters, and hemoglobin. It also helps the liver break down certain drugs and toxins.
Papain is a cysteine proteinase (enzyme) that has been studied for its potential benefits with muscle soreness.
Passion flower has been studied for its possible benefits with anxiety and sleep. It may have some sedative-like effects. It is thought that some of these benefits are due to the ingredient having some effect on GABA receptors.
Pea protein is a dietary source of protein derived from yellow peas. It is often used as a vegetarian alternative to animal derived proteins like milk/whey.
Peach juice concentrate is a fruit juice concentrate that provides a pleasant, sweet, fruity flavor to drinks.
Pear Concentrate is a fruit juice concentrate that is used as part of a juice base to provide a pleasant, sweet, fruity flavor to drinks.
Pectin acts as a thickener and stabilizing agent.
When taken orally, peppermint has been studied for its benefits with digestion.
Phosphatidylserine has been studied for its potential benefits with cognitive function and stress.
Phosphorus is a structural component of cell membranes. It is also involved in bone mineralization, energy production, cell signalling, and regulation of acid-base homeostasis.
Beta-sitosterol, one component of plant sterols, has been studied for its possible benefit with immune health. Plant sterols have also been studied for possible benefits with cholesterol levels.
Polydextrose is used in tablet coating to help with adhesion. It can also be used as a fiber source and may act as a prebiotic.
Polyethylene glycol 400 helps with the flow of ingredients and is used as a tablet and capsule lubricant. 
Pomegranate Fruit Extract acts as an antioxidant, and there is research supporting its effects on insulin activity and glucose metabolism.
Potassium helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. It is required for proper nerve conduction and muscle contraction, and it influences blood volume and blood pressure.
Potato starch is sometimes added as a filler when the active ingredients in a capsule do not completely fill the space inside the capsule.
Prickly Pear is a unique, natural source of antioxidants that is standardized to betalains (including indicaxanthin).
Propolis has been studied for its potential benefits with immune support. It is also a natural source of amino acids.
Propyl gallate acts as an antioxidant, preventing the oxidation of fats in foods and supplements.
Protease is a digestive enzyme that digests proteins. 
Purple corn is a source of anthocyanins, a class of antioxidants.
Q
Quercetin is a flavonol that has antioxidant activity. It has been studied for its possible benefits with exercise, cardiovascular health, inflammatory balance, joint health, and adipogenesis.
R
Red Clover can act as an antioxidant due to its isoflavone genistein. Other research suggests it also also bone and cardiovascular benefits. 
Red orange is a source of antioxidants and has been studied for its potential benefits with inflammatory balance and cardiovascular health. It may have some influence with glutathione levels.
Red yeast rice is a fermentation product that naturally contains "statin"-like compounds that act as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, one of which is lovastatin. Research shows that red yeast rice can lower cholesterol levels.
Reishi mushroom has been studied for its potential benefits with immune health and cellular protection.
Resveratrol is an antioxidant. Some research shows that it can increase lifespans in certain animal and insect models, though this has not been proven in humans. It may also have cardioprotective benefits.
Riboflavin helps convert food into usable energy. It also assists several antioxidant enzymes.
Rice is used as a source for essential nutrients, i.e. protein, carboydrates, vit B6 and magnesium. 
Rice Flour is made from ground raw rice and and can be used to thicken stews and soups.
Rice protein is a dietary source of protein derived from brown rice. It is often used as a vegetarian alternative to animal derived proteins like milk/whey.
Rice starch is an excipient used in melt-away tablets to help them dissolve quickly in the mouth.
Rosemary has been studied for its potential benefits with cognitive performance, cell protection, healthy inflammatory response, skin health, and antioxidant activity, among others. 
Rutin has been studied for its possible joint health benefits. It has antioxidant properties.
S
Safflower oil is used as a carrier for other oil-soluble ingredients. It can also act as a filler and a fat source. 
Sea salt is an excellent source of the electrolyte sodium. Additionally, sea salt naturally contains other electrolytes including magnesium, potassium, chloride, and calcium, as well as a broad spectrum of trace minerals including boron, selenium, chromium, and vanadium. Sodium Chloride is table salt and only contains sodium and chloride.
Saffron has been clinically studied for its effects on snacking and mood. The stigmas are hand-harvested from saffron flowers.
Saw palmetto has been studied for its possible benefit with prostate health. 
Schisandra has been studied for its potential benefits with improving cognitive performance, supporting liver function, and providing antioxidant support.
Selenium assists antioxidant enzymes. It is necessary for production of thyroid hormone, which helps maintain body temperature and basal metabolic rate. Selenium also supports immune function.
Siberian pineapple has been used traditionally for immune function. The fresh berries are a source of carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin C, some B vitamins, and fatty acids, among other things.
Silicon has been studied for its possible benefits with bone density. It is also widely used for supporting healthy hair, nails, and skin. It is thought to be involved in collagen synthesis.
Silicon Dioxide works as an anti-caking agent and flow agent. It can absorb water or oil.
Sodium helps to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. It is required for proper nerve conduction and muscle contraction, and it influences blood volume and blood pressure.
Sodium Benzoate acts as a preservative.
Sodium caseinate is a form of casein, a milk protein. It is used as an emulsifying agent and can help improve mixing and texture of meal replacement shakes.
Sodium Citrate is used in tablet coating. It can also act as a buffer to control the acidity of a product and can act as a preservative.
Sorbitol is a sweetener; it is a sugar alcohol. 
Soy Flour is made from roasted soybeans and is a good source of protein and other nutrients. 
Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens are plant-based compounds that bind to estrogen receptors to protect estrogen sensitive tissues. Soy isoflavones have been studied for their possible benefits with bone health, cardiovascular health, and lipid profiles.
Soy oil is used a carrier for other oil-soluble ingredients. It can act as a filler and fat source. 
Soy protein is a dietary source of protein derived from soybeans. It is often used as a vegetarian alternative to animal derived proteins like milk/whey.
Soybeans are a good source of protein and the oil found in soybeans is a good source of healthy fats, including omega-3 fatty acids and polyunsaturated fats.
Spearmint leaf has been used traditionally for digestive complaints, although more research is needed in this area. Some studies indicate it may have benefits with supporting a healthy inflammatory response. It can also be used as a flavoring agent.
Spinach is one of several greens that is consumed as a way to get additional servings of vegetables and/or another source of nutrients in the diet.
Spirulina is one of several greens that are consumed as a way to get additional servings of vegetables and/or another source of nutrients in the diet.
St. John's Wort has been studied for its potential benefits with mood and depression. Some studies have also been done with menopausal symptoms. It is thought to affect mood through modulating the effects of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Stevia is used as a sugar alternative in tasteable products like protein shakes. 
Sucralose is an artificial sweetener and sugar substitute. It is used to sweeten chewable tablets to improve the flavor.
Sunflower Oil is used as a carrier for other oil-soluble ingredients. It can also act as a filler and a fat source. It can improve flavor and satiety.
Sytrinol is a blend of polymethoxylated flavonoids and tocotrienols that provides support to the cardiovascular system.  
T
Tart Cherry may help regulate blood sugar and appetite.
Thiamine helps to convert food into usable energy. It also assists enzymes involved in glucose and amino acid metabolism.
Titanium dioxide is added to capsules or tablet coatings to make them opaque or white.
Tomato is a natural source of lycopene, a dietary carotenoid.
Turmeric/curcumin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in cell cultures and animal studies. It is the subject of much research to determine how much these benefits carry over into humans.
U
V
Valerian has been studied for its possible benefit with sleep latency and insomnia.
Vanadium is needed for certain reactions in the body; for example, it plays a role in stimulating the phosphorylation of certain receptor proteins.
Vanillin provides a vanilla flavor and odor.
Vinegar powder is a source of amino acids. 
Vitamin A is essential for sight, dim-light adaptation, and color vision. It supports reproductive health for both men and women. Vitamin A is required for proper immune function and influences cell growth and development.
Vitamin B12 helps make red blood cells and is required for proper nerve function. It also helps maintain normal levels of homocysteine in the blood.
Vitamin B6 helps convert food into energy. It also helps make red blood cells and helps maintain normal levels of homocysteine in the blood.
Vitamin C is an antioxidant that enhances immune function. It is necessary for making collagen and carnitine, as well as two neurotransmitters (seratonin and norepinephrine).
Vitamin D3 facilitates absorption of calcium and phosphorus and promotes bone health. It is required for proper immune function. It also influences cell growth and development.
Vitamin D3 facilitates absorption of calcium and phosphorus and promotes bone health. It is required for proper immune function. It also influences cell growth and development.
Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cell membranes and enhances immune function.
Vitamin K assists in blood clotting, promotes bone calcification, and prevents blood vessel calcification.
W
Water is used in the gelatin matrix to help it achieve the right pliability. It is also used a a solvent.
Wheat lipid extract is a source of phytoceramides, which help support skin barrier function and hydration in the skin.
Wheat grass is one of several greens that is consumed as a way to get additional servings of vegetables and/or another source of nutrients in the diet.
White Willow Bark has some analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It may also have a slight antioxidant effect due to its flavonoid content.
X
Xanthan Gum is used as a thickener and a stabilizing agent. It is also a source of fiber.
Xylitol is used as a sweetener; it is a sugar alcohol.
Xylooligosaccharide, or XOS, is a prebiotic that promotes beneficial bacteria in the gut to support a healthy microbiome.
Y
Z
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid, a fat-soluble class of antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is selectively taken up into the macula of the eye, where it (along with lutein) absorbs up to 90% of blue light and helps to maintain optimal visual function. Supplemental zeaxanthin has been studied for its possible benefit in individuals with AMD (age-related macular degeneration). Carotenoids are a good indicator of overall antioxidant status.
Zinc assists in the production of hemoglobin. It is critical for normal immune function, and it is a structural component of hundreds of essential molecules.

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